In every country that negotiates at the W.T.O. or cuts a free-trade deal, trade ministers fall under heavy pressure from powerful business groups. Lobbyists have learned that they can often quietly slip provisions that pay big dividends into complex trade deals. None have been more successful at getting what they want than those from America.

Migrant careworkers often must leave their own children behind in their home countries to be cared for by even poorer careworkers or family members who may already have care-giving responsibilities or be engaged with paid labor. In wealthy countries, the entry of women into the paid workforce, without corresponding increases in public provisions for childcare or the redistribution of caring responsibilities between genders, has created a high demand for paid domestic labor. In poor countries, the supply of domestic labor has been stimulated by a scarcity of well-paying jobs and in many cases, a growing reliance on remittances. Cuts in public services in southern countries have also encouraged women to migrate as a means for earning the income they need to pay for private services for their children, such as healthcare and education . In contrast to this state-centric model, political globalization must be understood as polycentric, that is, as involving non-state institutions that exercise political power from both «above» and «below» the state . In addition to holding states accountable for adhering to mutually agreed upon norms and standards, global institutions often set the agendas that determine which issues receive international attention.

We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in oureditorial policy. Domestic industries in some countries may be endangered due to comparative or absolute advantage of other countries in specific industries.

Specific industries in certain countries, such as textile manufacturing in the U.S. or corn farming in Mexico, have suffered severe disruption or outright collapse as a result of increased international competition. Legally, globalization has altered how international law is created and enforced. Corporations gain a competitive advantage on multiple fronts through globalization. They can reduce operating costs by manufacturing abroad, buy raw materials more cheaply because of the reduction or removal of tariffs, and most of all, they gain access to millions of new consumers.

• Because austerity programs decrease public support for women and increase women’s workload, programs like these put women at greater risk for some mental health disorders .
• Every New Beetle in the world is made here, 440 a day, in a factory so sparkling and clean that you could have a baby on the floor, so high-tech that in some halls it is not evident that human beings work here.
• Lower transport costs and technology have made that easier and that will remain the case.
• Subsidized American corn now makes up almost half of the world’s stock, effectively setting the world price so low that local small farmers can no longer survive.
• Such values not only constitute cultural imperialism when imposed on cultural «others,» as Schutte argues, but also can serve to justify militarism, political domination, economic exploitation, and white supremacy in the name of advancing gender interests .

Stiglitz believes the IMF and World Bank should be reformed, not dismantled—with a growing population, malaria and AIDS pandemics, and global environmental challenges, Keynes’ mandate for equitable growth is more urgent now than ever. He advocates a gradual, sequential, and selective approach to institutional development, land globalisation problems reform and privatization, capital market liberalization, competition policies, worker safety nets, health infrastructure, and education. Selective policies would direct funds to programs and governments which had success in the past. Lastly, democratic disciplines are needed to ensure that financial institutions serve general interests. More recent approaches to the feminization of global migration focus on what Arlie Hochschild refers to as «global care chains» These chains, which link women across the world, are established through the transnational exchange of domestic services. Global care chains typically begin when relatively well-off northern or Western women enter the paid labor force and hire other women, usually poorer women from developing countries, to care for their children and other dependents.